Evolution of Colombian Emerald Mining to the Present Day
Colombia is world-renowned for the quality and beauty of its emeralds. But behind every emerald lies a story of millions of years of formation and centuries of evolving extraction techniques.
In this article, we’ll explore how the process of extracting these green gems has changed from ancient times to today. New technologies and methods have emerged, and we want you to get to know them all. Let’s take a look.
How Are Emeralds Formed in Colombia?
Colombian emeralds are formed under very specific geological conditions. Unlike in other countries, in Colombia, these gems are formed through hydrothermal processes that began over 65 million years ago.
The result: green crystals with exceptional purity and intense color that set Colombian emeralds apart from the rest of the world.
The richest emerald-producing areas—such as Muzo, Chivor, and Coscuez—are located in the Eastern Range of the Andes. There, tectonic movements combined with hot, mineral-rich fluids created the perfect conditions for these unique precious stones to form.
Most Common Extraction Methods in Colombia
Over time, emerald extraction methods have evolved to improve efficiency. The most well-known methods in Colombia include:
- Open-pit mining: the surface layer of the earth is removed to expose emerald veins. This is one of the oldest methods.
- Underground tunnels: tunnels are dug into the mountains and connected to other veins. This is the most commonly used method today.
- Entables: a traditional artisanal technique that involves carefully removing rock layers using hand tools to avoid damaging the emeralds.
- Mechanized methods: the use of heavy machinery, explosives, and technology to facilitate drilling and extraction in modern mines.
Timeline: From Antiquity to Today
- Before the Spanish conquest (before the 16th century):
Indigenous peoples, such as the Muzos, were already extracting emeralds using rudimentary tools like stones, sticks, and fire to break open rocks.
- Colonial period (16th to 18th centuries):
The Spanish organized emerald extraction using enslaved labor. Larger mines were opened, especially in Muzo.
- 19th century – early 20th century:
Commercial mining began under government and private concessions. Metal tools and explosives were introduced.
- 1960s and 1970s:
Emerald boom: international demand surged, leading to conflicts over mine control. Underground methods intensified.
- From 2000 to the present:
Technological advances, stricter state regulations, and the growth of legal and sustainable mining. Use of drones, 3D scanners, and modern ventilation systems.
Emerald By Love: Experience Mining First-Hand
At Emerald By Love, we invite you to explore the history and present of emerald mining directly at the source. Through our guided tours to Colombia’s main mines, you’ll learn firsthand how these gems are extracted today, discover the tools used, and explore real underground mines.
Immerse yourself in Colombia’s emerald culture and be amazed by an authentic, educational, and thrilling experience. Discover the origin of the emeralds that have captivated the world!
Paula A. Bonilla
Social communicator and journalist from Sergio Arboleda University in Colombia. She is also a jeweler and passionate about continuously learning about precious gemstones and high-end national jewelry.
She currently works for one of Bogotá’s most important jewelry houses, Emerald by Love. This jeweler has over 40 years of experience and two physical stores in the Colombian capital, both located in the city center.
